Bibliography CLL ,1103

References:

1-BBC  London - History - Early Boxing History

BBC  Homepage

http://www.bbc.co.uk/london/content/articles/2007/11/13/early_boxing_history_feature.shtml

2-Boxing Day - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boxing_Day

3-Boxgirls_nairobi : International Platform on Sport and Development

Home : International Platform on Sport and Development

http://www.sportanddev.org/en/learnmore/featured_sport/featured_sport__boxing/boxgirls_nairobi/

4-Discover the Art of Boxing at Modern Boxing 

http://www.modernboxing.com/

History CLL 1103

History:

Boxing has been around since time immemorial as it was a form of self defense. “Boxing has been around since the dawn of time. Our cavemen ancestors surely put up their dukes when fighting another man for food or the heart of a cave lady” ( Mckay , 2009)

The birth of boxing as a sport was accepted as a sport by the ancient Greeks, as they believed it was played by the gods of Olympus. So they made it an Olympic game as early as 688 BC. According to the historian, Dion, the ancients did not value beatings or knockouts in boxing. The aim was to remain un-injured until the opponent became exhausted and signaled defeat by raising two fingers.

 However, boxing also known as Pugilism, dates back to the Roman Gladiators, as they engaged in bare fist fighting competitions with almost no rules or boundaries, rounds or limits. In addition, weight classes for opponents were selected by chance and victory was decided when one fighter gave up or was incapacitated.

Modern Development CLL , 1103

Modern Development:

Today’s boxing match consists of three-minute rounds, a total of up to 12 rounds. A minute is spent between each round with the fighters in their assigned corners receiving advice and any medical attention required from their coach and staff. The fight is controlled by a referee who works within the ring to judge and control the fighters, rule on their ability to fight safely, count knocked-down fighters, and rule on fouls. Up to three judges are usually present at the ringside to score the fight and assign points to the boxers, based on punches that connect, on defensive moves, knockdowns, and other methods. Because of the open-ended style of boxing, judging many fights have controversial results, in which one or both fighters believe they have been "robbed" or unfairly denied a victory.

            Each fighter has an assigned corner of the ring. Boxers are prohibited from hitting below the belt, holding, tripping, pushing, biting, or spitting. The boxer's shorts are raised so the opponent is not allowed to hit the groin area. Failure to abide by the rules typically results with the boxer being disqualified. They also are prohibited from kicking, head-butting, or hitting with any part of the arm other than the knuckles of a closed fist. They are prohibited as well from hitting the back, back of the neck or the kidneys.

Deleopment 1103 ,CLL

Development:

Throughout the years boxing has developed in several ways and around the 18^th century the first recorded history of boxing as a sport began in England. However, it  was very much different to the form of boxing of today, as there were no rules or referee. People started accepting more widely and so the sport of Boxing started slowly to make rules, such as gloves must be worn . Titles were created and so  the Marquess of Queensberry rules, a code that most directly influenced modern boxing were  written by John Graham Chambers. He was a  member of the British Amateur Athletic Club and  the rules were first published in 1867.